Healthcare organizations have unique cybersecurity requirements. At the top of this list is HIPAA compliance when handling PHI (protected health information). Developing and maintaining a robust defense posture is only possible through continuous testing. The foundation for this is penetration testing. Pen testing is a proactive way to thwart cyberattacks. Before you start your first or next one, you’ll want to review this HIPAA penetration testing checklist.
In this post, we’ll look at the requirements and best practices for HIPAA penetration testing and provide you with a checklist to keep the focus on the most crucial security measures.
Is Penetration Testing a Requirement of HIPAA?
HIPAA does not explicitly name penetration testing as a requirement for compliance. HIPAA standard 164.308(a)(8), however, does require periodic assessments of IT networks and systems to help healthcare providers prevent cyber attacks. A penetration test is considered a periodic assessment that goes a long way in proving due diligence and care for anyone handling PHI.
Penetration testing can heighten your awareness of vulnerabilities. As a result of a pen test, you can quickly remediate these things. So, while it’s not a defined procedure, adopting it is a calculated way to safeguard PHI.
How Penetration Testing Keeps Your Healthcare Organization More Secure
The objective of penetration testing is for good hackers to uncover weaknesses and security gaps. A simulated attack on your network, in the most realistic way, delivers an abundance of insights into the health of your cybersecurity processes and defenses.
The framework of your pen test can be Black Box, Gray Box, or White Box. Here are the differences.
- Black Box Penetration Testing, also known as Opaque Box: Hackers have no information about internal system structure and look for any areas to exploit.
- Gray Box Penetration Testing, also known as Semi-Opaque Box: Testers have some context relating to the target system, such as code, algorithms, data structure, or credentials. Those carrying out the exercise create test cases based on the architectural diagram of the system.
- White Box Penetration Testing, also known as Transparent Box: Hackers have access to systems and artifacts, such as source code and containers. They often can infiltrate servers running the network.
Every pen test, no matter the type, is very distinct. The methods used can be broad and vary. With a HIPAA penetration test, there are nuances aligned with compliance requirements. Within HIPAA, three rules define protocols.
The HIPAA Privacy Rule
The HIPAA Privacy Rule establishes national standards to protect individuals’ medical records and PHI. It requires specific safeguards to maintain the privacy of this data. It also limits how you can use and disclose the data without authorization. The rule provides context on these permitted cases and when individuals need to give permission.
Another critical part of the rule is that it gives people rights over their PHI and the ability to review it. This guideline defines whom HIPAA applies to within three categories: health plans, healthcare providers, and healthcare clearinghouses.
Regarding pen testing, your process should align with checking and ensuring data remains private and only used in permissible ways.
The HIPAA Security Rule
The HIPAA Security Rule expands the scope of Privacy Rule protections. Its main points involve ensuring PHI’s confidentiality, availability, and integrity. One mandatory component under this rule is developing risk management capabilities. To meet this requirement, you may undergo a HIPAA security risk analysis.
HHS (Health and Human Services) and OCR (Office for Civil Rights), whose duty is to enforce HIPAA, offer guidance on security risk analysis. It has five major points:
- Assessment of potential risks and vulnerabilities relating to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of ePHI (electronic PHI)
- Regular reviews of how an organization is complying with HIPAA
- Identifying how an organization creates, receives, maintains, and transmits ePHI
- Determining how third parties and vendors with access to ePHI create, receive, maintain, and transmit ePHI
- Defining all the threats relating to data security, including human (internal and external), natural (hurricanes, flooding, earthquakes, etc.), and environmental (physical and cyber)
The Security Rule also defines administrative, physical, and technical safeguards. This part of HIPAA is the one you can most align with pen testing. With its many checks and evaluations, pen testing is essential for compliance.
Breach Notification Rule
The third part of the rule framework is the Breach Notification Rule. It’s different from the previous rules because it outlines what you must do if a security incident occurs with a PHI breach. It specifies what your response must be in terms of notification. Those include the following:
- Individual notice: You must advise any parties impacted by a breach within 60 days.
- Secretary notice: You must notify the HHS Secretary of the breach within 60 days.
- Media notice: If the breach affects more than 500 people, you must disclose this to media outlets within 60 days.
A pen test will reveal what could lead to a data breach. In your simulation, you can test out your workflows for breach notifications. Doing so will provide clarity into any issues in the process.
These three rules offer guardrails on how to remain secure and compliant. With pen testing, you can meet the requirements and go beyond the minimum. Now it’s time to build your checklist.
Optimizing Pen Tests for HIPAA Rules
There are a few more holistic points before revealing the HIPAA penetration testing checklist. The pen test performed should align with the Privacy Rule and Security Rule. Here are some topics to discuss with pen testers.
- Request a focus on specific types of PHI within your network during the reconnaissance and planning phase.
- Emphasize the need for testers to strategize how to compromise it, which should involve multilayered attacks.
- The HIPAA pen test should isolate and define how hackers’ attack patterns break the Privacy and Security Rule requirements.
- Ask for information on what traces and trackers hackers may leave behind after they withdraw for later re-entry. This data will support how you comply with the Breach Notification Rule.
- Convey that the report provided post-pen test should review the findings relevant to the HIPAA rules and feature measures you should take to patch up these vulnerabilities.
Now, it’s time to create your checklist.
HIPAA Penetration Testing Checklist
Here are the major categories that should be on your checklist.
Annual Audits and Assessments: What Have You Conducted and What Did You Learn?
Before a pen test, you should note what required audits, per HHS OCR, you’ve completed that year. These include HIPAA security risk assessments, security and privacy standards audits, assets and devices, and physical sites.
Addressing what you already know from these audits will be crucial in getting the most out of your pen test:
- It will discern if you’ve made appropriate fixes from remediation plans.
- The test offers you more context on a specific issue.
- It will assess the quality of your audits.
Choosing a Pen Test: Access and Types
As defined above, there are three ways for hackers to carry out pen tests. In the case of a HIPAA penetration test, you’ll likely choose Gray Box, providing the testers with some information. They’ll need this to align what and how they test with HIPAA rules.
As for the type of pen test, you can focus on areas in your IT infrastructure, including web applications, network security, and cloud security. All three of these areas are going to interact with ePHI. You can also test IoT security if that applies to your organization. Social engineering is another option.
Vendor and Business Associate Facets
A pen test identifies issues in your digital footprint, but part of that is when you exchange or transmit data with your vendors and business associates. With the increase in supply chain attacks, your pen test should evaluate these interactions. You’ll have insight into your side of the transaction and if there are any problems you can remediate or if you need to notify other parties about concerns.
Defining a Persistent Presence
In the maintain access phase of a pen test, the hackers will attempt to stay and create a persistent presence. This is important because real cyber criminals want to achieve this so they can either control your data through ransomware or keep coming back for more valuable data without your knowledge. Understanding how a persistent presence can occur helps you to fortify your monitoring program.
The Results: How Will You Remediate?
The end of a pen test comes with a detailed report. They include the identified vulnerabilities, how they obtained, extracted, or manipulated ePHI, and how long they could remain undetected. This valuable information will be the foundation of your remediation plan. The firm that performs your pen test can support you in developing a plan to remedy the problems and define when to retest.
Learn More About HIPAA Compliance Pen Testing
This checklist provides you with parameters to consider during a pen test. The organization you hire to hack you should follow these and more. Additionally, working with a firm specializing in HIPAA will deliver the best results. Blue Goat Cyber offers healthcare pen testing with years of experience and expertise.
Learn more about our pen test services and how to get started.
HIPAA Compliance FAQs
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HIPAA identifiers serve various important purposes within the healthcare industry. These identifiers are essential for ensuring easy access to information to provide high-quality care services.
One key use of HIPAA identifiers is to balance protecting patient rights and enabling efficiency for covered entities. HIPAA compliance outlines specific circumstances where using and disclosing protected health information (PHI) without patient authorization is permissible. These circumstances include:
1. Conducting quality assessment and improvement activities: HIPAA identifiers allow healthcare organizations to assess and enhance patient care quality.
2. Developing clinical guidelines: With HIPAA identifiers, healthcare professionals can create evidence-based guidelines to promote efficient and effective medical practices.
3. Conducting patient safety activities per applicable regulations: HIPAA identifiers help perform activities that aim to ensure patient safety and adhere to relevant regulations.
4. Conducting population-based activities to improve health or reduce healthcare costs: By utilizing HIPAA identifiers, healthcare entities can engage in initiatives to improve public health or reduce healthcare expenses at a broader level.
5. Developing protocols: HIPAA identifiers enable the development of protocols that assist healthcare providers in delivering consistent and standardized care.
6. Conducting case management and care coordination: HIPAA identifiers facilitate effective case management and coordination of care among different healthcare professionals involved in a patient's treatment.
7. Contacting healthcare providers and patients to inquire about treatment alternatives: With the help of HIPAA identifiers, healthcare organizations can reach out to providers and patients to discuss alternative treatment options or gather additional information relevant to patient care.
8. Reviewing qualifications of healthcare professionals: HIPAA identifiers play a role in evaluating the qualifications and competence of healthcare professionals to ensure the delivery of high-quality care.
9. Evaluating the performance of healthcare providers or health plans: HIPAA identifiers assist in assessing the performance and effectiveness of healthcare providers and health plans to ensure optimal outcomes and patient satisfaction.
10. Conducting training programs or credentialing activities: Utilizing HIPAA identifiers, healthcare organizations can organize training programs and activities to enhance the skills and qualifications of healthcare professionals.
11. Supporting fraud and abuse detection and compliance programs: HIPAA identifiers aid in implementing fraud detection and compliance programs to safeguard against unlawful activities within the healthcare sector.
The "Wall of Shame" has faced criticism due to concerns over the way it handles organizations' cybersecurity breaches. Some argue that the portal tends to focus solely on the negative aspects of a breach, potentially causing long-term damage to a company's reputation. Critics suggest that the "Wall of Shame" fails to acknowledge or emphasize the positive steps that organizations may have taken to rectify their cybersecurity vulnerabilities after experiencing an incident. This lack of recognition for corrective actions and good-faith efforts to enhance cybersecurity practices could be seen as unfair and unbalanced in portraying organizations in the aftermath of a breach.
HIPAA, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, is the cornerstone of patient privacy in the United States. It sets the standard for protecting sensitive patient data. Any entity covered by HIPAA must ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of all the protected health information (PHI) it handles.
When there’s a breach, HIPAA requires these entities to report it, especially if it affects many individuals. That’s where the OCR Wall of Shame comes into play. It’s a transparency tool, showing the public how and where PHI breaches happen.
Furthermore, under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), covered entities and their business associates are mandated to report any breaches to the Department of Health and Human Services’ (HHS) Office for Civil Rights (OCR). If the reported breach impacts more than 500 individuals, additional ramifications and consequences are triggered. This stringent regulation ensures that breaches are promptly reported and dealt with in accordance with HIPAA guidelines.
Under HIPAA, 18 identifiers classify data as Protected Health Information (PHI). These identifiers encompass a wide range of information that can be used to identify an individual. The list includes commonly recognized identifiers such as names, addresses, and social security numbers. However, it goes beyond these basic details and encompasses other data points like geographic information smaller than a state, dates (excluding year) related to an individual, phone numbers, fax numbers, email addresses, and more.
In addition to these, the list also includes less commonly known identifiers such as medical record numbers, health insurance beneficiary numbers, account numbers, certificate/license numbers, vehicle identifiers and serial numbers, device identifiers and serial numbers, web URLs, IP addresses, biometric identifiers like finger and voiceprints, and full-face photographic images. It even encompasses any unique identifying number, characteristic, or code associated with an individual.
By providing this comprehensive list, Your article ensures that all relevant and potential patient identifiers are covered. It offers a thorough understanding of PHI under HIPAA regulations, highlighting the importance of safeguarding these identifiers to protect patient privacy and confidentiality.
In the intricate landscape of healthcare data and privacy, understanding and correctly handling Protected Health Information (PHI) is crucial for adherence to regulations and preserving patient trust and safety. This is particularly vital in light of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Let's explore PHI, its 18 identifiers, the potential repercussions of non-compliance, and the specific data not considered a HIPAA identifier.
PHI encompasses any data in a healthcare context that can be used to identify an individual, combined with information about their health status, provision of healthcare, or payment for healthcare services. Under HIPAA, 18 identifiers classify data as PHI, including names, geographic information smaller than a state, dates (excluding year) related to an individual, phone numbers, fax numbers, email addresses, social security numbers, medical record numbers, health insurance beneficiary numbers, account numbers, certificate/license numbers, vehicle identifiers and serial numbers, device identifiers and serial numbers, web URLs, IP addresses, biometric identifiers like finger and voiceprints, full-face photographic images, and any unique identifying number, characteristic, or code.
However, it is important to note that not all data falls within the scope of HIPAA identifiers. De-identified data or health information that cannot be used to identify an individual or provide a reasonable base to identify them is not considered a HIPAA identifier. This type of data, known as de-identified data, does not fall within the 18 identifiers specified by HIPAA. Additionally, de-identified data has been determined by an expert using a statistical or scientific method to have a very low chance of being used individually or in combination with others to identify a person. As a result, HIPAA laws do not apply to de-identified data.
Understanding the distinction between PHI and de-identified data is essential for healthcare organizations and individuals who handle health information. It ensures compliance with HIPAA regulations and safeguards patient privacy while balancing the need for data utilization in healthcare research and analysis.
HIPAA, or the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, is a U.S. law designed to provide privacy standards to protect patients' medical records and other health information provided to health plans, doctors, hospitals, and other health care providers. Developed by the Department of Health and Human Services, these standards aim to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the health care system.
Who Needs to Comply with HIPAA?
Covered Entities: This is the primary group that needs to adhere to HIPAA. They include:
- Health Plans: Insurance companies, health maintenance organizations (HMOs), employer-sponsored health plans, and government programs like Medicare and Medicaid.
- Healthcare Providers: This encompasses doctors, clinics, psychologists, dentists, chiropractors, nursing homes, and pharmacies that transmit health information in electronic form in connection with transactions for which HHS has adopted standards.
- Healthcare Clearinghouses: Entities that process nonstandard health information they receive from another entity into a standard format or vice versa.
Business Associates: These are individuals or entities that perform certain functions or activities that involve the use or disclosure of protected health information on behalf of, or provides services to, a covered entity. This could include consultants, billing companies, IT service providers like Blue Goat Cyber, especially when dealing with medical device security assessment and testing services, and others who have access to protected health information (PHI).
Common causes of data breaches in the healthcare industry include a significant number of breaches resulting from outside theft and considerable breaches being caused by internal mistakes or neglect. Insider mistakes leading to data breaches often involve mailing or email errors, such as employees clicking on phishing emails, forwarding emails with sensitive information to personal accounts, and accessing protected health information without authorization. These actions contribute to a notable portion of data breaches in the healthcare sector.
